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Sunday, August 14, 2005 - 11:09amSanction this postReply
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It has long been known that human populations with above-average average IQs, such as the Parsis in India and Ashkenazi Jews in Europe, have a much higher-than-average incidence of mutations and genetic disease. The suspected mechanism is the "natural" selection of a mutation that makes DNA in those populations less stable, leading to both higher rates of genetic disease and faster evolution.

Now it looks like a similar random mutation - making DNA less stable - may have been the original accident that resulted in the more rapid evolution of primates, and then of humans.

The randomness of evolution is really neat. If I believed in a god, I would find the idea of a god who created the world to evolve humans on "full automatic" much more elegant than a god who would need to fiddle - in the manner proposed by the advocates of "Intelligent Design" - with special aspects of the process. The fact that a random process is more effective than so-called "Intelligent Design" just shows how un-intelligent that "idea" really is.

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Sunday, August 14, 2005 - 1:40pmSanction this postReply
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Adam,

LOL.  You are inexorable and indefatigable.


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Sunday, August 14, 2005 - 3:47pmSanction this postReply
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"Inexorable"

If Adam is unwilling to change his position, it would be more because of the solidity of his premises than because of irrationality. This word doesn't fit Adam.

Edit: or maybe my dictionary is wrong.
(Edited by Dean Michael Gores
on 8/14, 3:50pm)


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Sunday, August 14, 2005 - 5:59pmSanction this postReply
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Our study offers the first genetic evidence that humans occupy a unique position in the tree of life. Simply put, evolution has been working very hard to produce us humans.
I'm sure some good research has been done here, and I admire that, but this statement--this attempt to explain the research to the general public--kind of bugs me.

What does he mean by "unique position"?  We have always known that humans occupy a position in the tree of life that no other species occupies; we've always known that humans have a genetic makeup that's different than any other species; therefore we have always known that humans occupy a "unique position" in the tree of life.  Isn't it a little weird for him to claim that their study provides the "first genetic evidence" of this?  Isn't it true that every species occupies its own "unique position" in the tree of life?  They may have discovered something interesting about human evolution--perhaps they discovered that human evolution occurred especially quickly, because of some mechanism, or something--but I don't see how that means our position in the tree of life is any more "unique" than that of any other species.

And what does it mean to say evolution has been "working very hard" to produce us?  Evolution isn't some conscious entity that "works".  Evolution is just some natural process that happens.  Maybe it happened more quickly for humans, or something, but that's not "hard work."  This makes it sound like evolution was trying to produce us.

Humans might currently be the most recent development in evolution; and we may currently be the most intelligent species; but it's not as if we are the pinnacle of evolution.  Evolution is still happening, and we may only be an intermediate stage on the way to some different and more intelligent species.

Maybe I'm over-reacting, but this statement strikes me as the kind of vague, perhaps meaningless, borderline pseudo-scientific statement that scientists are sometimes tempted to make in order to make their work sound appealing and interesting to the general public.


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Sunday, August 14, 2005 - 7:40pmSanction this postReply
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Dean,

relentless, unstoppable by my thesaurus.


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Sunday, August 14, 2005 - 7:42pmSanction this postReply
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Good find, Robert!

Daniel, I agree with your sentiments. Each time a scientific discovery is found -- it seems that it is lauded as a major breakthrough beyond some previous level of ignorance.

I read the article, and it makes a crude (but good) point: hundreds -- if not thousands -- of "mutual" mutations are responsible for the human brain. Compare this to the few-to-tens of mutations being responsible for differences in the animal world, and we have, at least, an order of magnitude (or possibly 2 orders of magnitude!) of difference between human brains and the 'usual' difference between brains in animals.

The differences between different species of nonhuman animals pales in comparison to the difference between humans and animals.

Another point, somewhat obscured by your response to this article, is that we are now largely in control of our own evolution. You said:

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it's not as if we are the pinnacle of evolution
---------

Sure, we may not be the "pinnacle" -- but we are the first to control the otherwise-natural selection that has been behind all previous evolution. In the mystical sense, we -- with our new abilities of genetic recombination, cloning, and thought-aceuticals (my euphemism for that which is currently described as "smart drugs"), have become "gods" -- able to direct future evolution.

Language and the passage of knowledge are another way in which we have control of our own species' evolution. It can even be said (with a straight face) that at the point we are at -- where we adapt our own environment to ourselves, rather than adapting ourselves to our environment -- we no longer have a survival "need" for evolution. Though, admittedly, we may still have a "thrival need" for evolution.

Ed



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Sunday, August 14, 2005 - 7:46pmSanction this postReply
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Perhaps, Ed, it could be said we may not have a 'need ' for further evolution - but there is a need for further growing up.

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Sunday, August 14, 2005 - 7:54pmSanction this postReply
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Daniel,

perhaps they discovered that human evolution occurred especially quickly, because of some mechanism, or something--but I don't see how that means our position in the tree of life is any more "unique" than that of any other species.
Human evolution did occur expecially quickly, compared to the million of years it took for substantial changes in other fauna. 

Perhaps he goes too far by calling us more "unique" that any other species on the tree of life.  Multi-culturalists would probably call it racist, although a new word should surely be developed.  How about multi-speciesist?  Then we could add speciesist to racist, sexist, homophobe, etc.


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Sunday, August 14, 2005 - 10:44pmSanction this postReply
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Already been done, Robert.

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Monday, August 15, 2005 - 3:07amSanction this postReply
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"The making of the large human brain is not just the neurological equivalent of making a large antler. Rather, it required a level of selection that's unprecedented," Lahn said. "Our study offers the first genetic evidence that humans occupy a unique position in the tree of life. Simply put, evolution has been working very hard to produce us humans."

That would be the hand of God reaching out to touch Adam.

Objectivists and other skeptics are afraid to admit what Arthur C. Clarke was not alone in proposing in 2001: a Space Odyssey.  True enough, saying that we were specially created only pushes the bigger question back one step: What created the creators?  Maybe there was no special First Creation -- metaphysically impossible as it is -- but given the existence of intelligent life, the appearence of specially created life and intelligences elsewhere by that or those intelligence(s) is logical. 

Jesus may or may not be the Christ or the Messiah, and Mohammed may or may not have risen directly into heaven, and Herakles may or may not have slain the hydra.  Those are separate questions, entirely.

Given brute, random evolution, there would still be life and intelligence. From that initial state, Intelligent Life has been cultivating the universe.

(It may be that Life is Intelligence.  Some beings just have more of them or it.)


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Monday, August 15, 2005 - 10:06amSanction this postReply
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Andrew,

I had forgotten, and was joking. Just goes to show that nothing can be imagined that is sillier that what actually exists.


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Monday, August 15, 2005 - 3:03pmSanction this postReply
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My postulate:  The huge genetic selection pressure that led to the explosive growth in human intelligence is warfare.  The opening scene in 2001: a Space Odyssey says it all.  Once the proto-human realised that he could magnify his own strength a hundred-fold by picking up an animal bone and using it as a weapon (against predators or members of his own species) the fate of human evolution was sealed. 

The small tribe that first created weapons out of their natural environment had a massive survival advantage.  They could capture more prey and defend themselves better against predation.  But more importantly from an evolutionary standpoint, they could attack and conquer neighboring tribes of proto-humans.  The genes for innovation, guile, communication, organisational ability and technological prowess would have spread like wildfire.  Call it human intelligence if you must...


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Monday, August 15, 2005 - 7:50pmSanction this postReply
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Steven,

A pretty cynical view of man with not much evidence to support it. ;-)

What is man's need for religion?  Do you think that at any time in prehistory a tribe of atheists might have existed?


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Monday, August 15, 2005 - 11:22pmSanction this postReply
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No evidence at all that I'm aware of - not my field of expertise nor have I done any serious research.  But fun to speculate an out-of-the-box explanation (which is my field of expertise!)

My guess on atheist tribes is no.  At least not for large groups (ie larger than an extended family) and not sustainable in time much beyond 1 - 2 generations anyway.  My view of religion is as per Richard Dawkins.  That is, religion is a "meme" or more bluntly a virus of the mind. Very contageous and easily passed on from parents to children.  That a belief in the supernatural appears ubiquitously though ancient and modern cultures leads me to speculate that the human mind is (and always has been) very susceptible to belief in the supernatural. 

Imagine 2 adjacent tribes, one atheist and the other religious.  My bet is that the religious tribe is more likely to attack the atheist tribe than the other way around because part of religion is believing that non-believers and/or blasphemers should be punished.  In the ancient world I suspect aggressors had the upper hand and belief in an after-life or the godliness of their mission would certainly give the religious an advantage in battle.  Similarly, if there was inter-marriage between members of the two tribes my guess is that it is more likely for the non-believer to convert to religion (under family pressure, etc) than the other way around.  Therefore over time the atheist tribe would be won over to religion.


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